Overview
Overview
This low-Ti lunar mare simulant was originally named Johnson Space Center One (JSC-1)[1][2][3][4] and was later replicated as JSC-1A. JSC-1/1A is crushed from basaltic ash (JSC-1/1A Source Material) mined at Flagstaff, Arizona[1]. Minimally processed JSC-1/1A Source Material is also available as a lunar mare simulant. JSC-1/1A formulation does not contain any additives, however Outward Technologies produces JSC-1/1A-derived agglutinates that can be added to JSC-1/A to increase its lunar fidelity. The Simulant Database contains additional details concerning JSC-1/1A. JSC-1/1A is classified as having "standard" fidelity based on the Planetary Simulant Database's loose guidelines for fidelity.
Pros and Cons
Pros and Cons
Pros
Pros
- Similar bulk chemistry to Apollo 14 soil 14163[1] and Apollo 17[5]
- Similar mineralogy to Apollo 14 soil 14164[4]
- Similar particle size distribution to Apollo 15 soil 1553[4]
- Particle shape is relatively angular[6][7]
- Naturally contains high lithic and glass fractions[5]
- At 40% relative density (loosely packed), Carrier et al. (1991)[8] found JSC-1/1A to have similar strength and deformation to lunar soil[9]
- Klosky et al. (2000)[10] described JSC-1A as a high friction, high stiffness soil with extraordinary dilatancy
Cons
Cons
- Contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions where in lunar soil only reduced Fe is expected[5]
- Contains natural phosphates and Ti-magnetite instead of ilmenite[4]
- Narrower particle size distribution than Apollo reference soil[4]
- Contains particles that are subrounded[6][7]
- Lacks nanophase Fe and agglutinates[4]
- At 60% relative density (medium packed), Carrier et al. (1991)[8] found JSC-1/1A to have dissimilar deformation to lunar soil
General Properties
General Properties
Particle size distribution of JSC-1/1A obtained from Zeng et al. (2010)[13]
General Properties
General Properties
Particle Shape Range | Particle Size Range (μm) | Mean Particle Size (μm) |
---|---|---|
angular to subrounded[7][2] | 10-1000[3] | - |
Particle Size Distribution (by site/sample) | Chemical Composition (by sample/site) | Mineralogical Composition |
---|---|---|
Apollo 15 soil 15530[1][2][11] | Apollo 14 soil 14163[1] | Apollo 14 soil 14164[12][1] |
Texture |
---|
naturally high glass and lithics fraction[1][5] |
Modal Mineralogy
Modal Mineralogy
Mineral | Abundance (%) [12] |
---|---|
Glass | 49.3 |
Plagioclase | 37.1 |
Olivine | 9.0 |
Cr-spinel | 1.1 |
Ti-magnetite | 0.4 |
K-silicate | 1.4 |
Sulfide | 1.0 |
Albite | 0.3 |
Quartz | 0.2 |
Chlorite | 0.1 |
Apatite | <0.1 |
Clinopyroxene | <0.1 |
Ilmenite | <0.1 |
Major Element Chemistry
Major Element Chemistry
Oxide | Apollo 14 Average Soil wt. %[3] |
JSC-1/1A wt. %[1][3] | JSC-1/1A wt. %[12] | JSC-1/1A wt. %[5] |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 48.1 | 47.71 | 47.4 | 45.7 |
TiO2 | 1.7 | 1.59 | 1.56 | 1.9 |
Al2O3 | 17.4 | 15.02 | 16.1 | 16.2 |
Cr2O3 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.03 | - |
Fe2O3 | - | 3.44 | 11.4 | 12.4 |
FeO | 10.4 | 7.35 | - | - |
MnO | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.2 |
MgO | 9.4 | 9.01 | 7.72 | 8.7 |
CaO | 10.7 | 10.42 | 10.5 | 10.0 |
Na2O | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.94 | 3.2 |
K2O | 0.55 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.8 |
P2O5 | 0.51 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.7 |
LOI | - | 0.71 | 0.3 | - |
Total | 99.8 | 99.65 | 99.6 | 99.8 |
Geomechanical and Physical Properties
Geomechanical and Physical Properties
Geomechanical Properties
Geomechanical Properties
Hardness (Mohs scale) | Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Angle of Repose (°) | Void Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
4-5 |
2.9[14]
2.91[2] 2.875[13] |
37[15] |
0.61-1.18[16]
0.410-0.826[13] |
Density (g/cm3) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Bulk | Relative Max | Relative Min | |
1.5-1.7[1]
1.57-1.64[10] 1.62-1.72[17] 1.7-1.88[11] 1.8-1.9[18] 1.9[8] |
1.83[10]
1.91[17] 1.80[16] 2.03[13] |
1.43[10]
1.43[17] 1.33[16] 1.57[13] |
Triaxial: Shear Strength | Uniaxial | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cohesion (kPa) | Friction Angle (°) | Young's Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (kPa) |
1.0-1.4[1]
0.1-2.5[18] 0.2-1.8[16] 1.4-2.4[11] 2.4-3.8[8] 3.9-13.4[17] 3.9-14.4[10] <1.0[2] 2.0-5.0[14] |
43.9-45[1]
42.9-48.8[11] 44.5-49[16] 41-60[18] 44.4-52.7[17] 45[2] 48.8-55[8] 43.6-44.4[10] 57[13] 37-48[14] |
18-60, 65-110[10] | 0.93-2.00[11] |
Simulant Development
Lab Analytical Results
Simulant Development
Lab Analytical Results
Pending analyses.
Safety
Safety
Recommendation
Recommendation
JSC-1/1A is recommended for geotechnical testing that involves loose simulant. JSC-1/1A is also recommended for ISRU testing that does not depend on iron redox or ilmenite. More detailed recommendations come from the Lunar Regolith Simulant User’s Guide[19]. View the Simulant Testing Matrix and/or contact the JSC Simulant Development Laboratory for information concerning simulant recommendations.
Excavation / Flow
Excavation / Flow
Recommended
Relatively angular particles, reasonable PSD.
Relatively angular particles, reasonable PSD.
Drilling
Drilling
Recommended with reservations
Uncertain but probably reasonable fidelity to highland abrasiveness.
Uncertain but probably reasonable fidelity to highland abrasiveness.
Abrasion / Wear
Abrasion / Wear
Recommended with reservations
Uncertain but probably reasonable fidelity to highland abrasiveness.
Uncertain but probably reasonable fidelity to highland abrasiveness.
Oxygen Production
Oxygen Production
Recommended with reservations
Chemistry: FeO is significantly high relative to lunar reference (≈11 vs. 5 wt.%). Mineralogy: Contains natural phosphates, Ti-magnetite instead of ilmenite. Use will likely result in unrealistically high oxygen yields; may be a good mare simulant (e.g., Apollo 14) for this use.
Chemistry: FeO is significantly high relative to lunar reference (≈11 vs. 5 wt.%). Mineralogy: Contains natural phosphates, Ti-magnetite instead of ilmenite. Use will likely result in unrealistically high oxygen yields; may be a good mare simulant (e.g., Apollo 14) for this use.
Human Health Studies
Human Health Studies
Possibly suitable composition
Reasonable PSD but too coarse in fine fraction.
Reasonable PSD but too coarse in fine fraction.
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 McKay, D. S., Carter, J. L., Boles, W. W., Allen, C. C., & Allton, J. H. (1994). JSC-1: A new lunar soil simulant. Engineering, construction, and operations in space IV, 2, 857-866
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Willman, B. M., Boles, W. W., McKay, D. S., & Allen, C. C. (1995). Properties of lunar soil simulant JSC-1. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 8(2), 77-87
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sibille, L., Carpenter, P., Schlagheck, R., & French, R. A. (2006). Lunar regolith simulant materials: recommendations for standardization, production, and usage.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Taylor, L. A. (2015, October). Status of lunar regolith simulants-An update. In Annual Meeting of the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (Vol. 1863, p. 2012).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Ray, C. S., Reis, S. T., Sen, S., & O'Dell, J. S. (2010). JSC-1A lunar soil simulant: Characterization, glass formation, and selected glass properties. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 356(44-49), 2369-2374
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Garboczi, E. J. (2011). Three dimensional shape analysis of JSC-1A simulated lunar regolith particles. Powder Technology, 207(1-3), 96-103
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rahmatian, L. A., & Metzger, P. T. (2010). Soil test apparatus for lunar surfaces. In Earth and Space 2010: Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (pp. 239-253).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Carrier, W. D., Olhoeft, G. R., & Mendell, W. (1991). Lunar sourcebook: A users guide to the moon. Physical Property of the Lunar Surface, 475-594.
- Jump up ↑ Taylor, L. A., Hill, E., Liu, Y., & Day, J. (2005). JSC-1: Lunar Simulant of Choice for Geotechnical Applications and Oxygen Production.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Klosky, J. L., Sture, S., Ko, H. Y., & Barnes, F. (2000). Geotechnical behavior of JSC-1 lunar soil simulant. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 13(4), 133-138
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Arslan, H., Batiste, S., & Sture, S. (2010). Engineering properties of lunar soil simulant JSC-1A. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 23(1), 70-83
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Taylor, L. A., Hill, E., Liu, Y., & Day, J. M. (2005). JSC-1 as the Lunar Soil Simulant of Choice. Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement, 40, 5180
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Zeng, X., He, C., Oravec, H., Wilkinson, A., Agui, J., & Asnani, V. (2010). Geotechnical properties of JSC-1A lunar soil simulant. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 23(2), 111-116
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Alshibli, K. A., & Hasan, A. (2009). Strength properties of JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 135(5), 673-679
- Jump up ↑ Calle, C. I., & Buhler, C. R. (2020). Measurement of the Angle of Repose of Apollo 14 Lunar Sample 14163. LPICo, 2141, 5030.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Perkins, S. W., & Madson, C. R. (1996). Mechanical and load-settlement characteristics of two lunar soil simulants. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 9(1), 1-9.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Klosky, J. L., Sture, S., Ko, H. Y., & Barnes, F. (1996). Mechanical properties of JSC-1 lunar regolith simulant. In Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space V (pp. 680-688)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Perkins, S. W. (1991). Modeling of regolith structure interaction in extraterrestrial constructed facilities (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado).
- Jump up ↑ Schrader, C. M., Rickman, D. L., McLemore, C. A., & Fikes, J. C. (2010). Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide.